Aluminum electrolytic or ceramic capacitors for linear regulator input and output?Replacing tantalum capacitor with ceramic capacitor for Op AmpsCeramic or electrolytic capacitors for a switching buck regulator?Linear regulator LM1084 5.0V capacitors choicePurpose of a resistor at the input of a linear regulatorDamaging a linear regulator applying a voltage to the outputfrequency response — for linear regulatorHow critical are the input and out capacitor values in a linear voltage regulator?Choosing capacitors for a linear voltage regulatorSelecting the correct input/output capacitors for a 7805What causes a faulty Linear Voltage regulator to output wrong voltageInput and Output Capacitor for PoE + DCDC Controller

Why does a Star of David appear at a rally with Francisco Franco?

Can I use USB data pins as power source

What is the Japanese sound word for the clinking of money?

I got the following comment from a reputed math journal. What does it mean?

Knife as defense against stray dogs

Violin - Can double stops be played when the strings are not next to each other?

Official degrees of earth’s rotation per day

Why do tuner card drivers fail to build after kernel update to 4.4.0-143-generic?

Shortcut for setting origin to vertex

How to deal with taxi scam when on vacation?

Do the common programs (for example: "ls", "cat") in Linux and BSD come from the same source code?

How to pronounce "I ♥ Huckabees"?

How could a scammer know the apps on my phone / iTunes account?

Counting models satisfying a boolean formula

Have the tides ever turned twice on any open problem?

Employee lack of ownership

Is it normal that my co-workers at a fitness company criticize my food choices?

Adventure Game (text based) in C++

Fastest way to pop N items from a large dict

Are relativity and doppler effect related?

Aluminum electrolytic or ceramic capacitors for linear regulator input and output?

Bacteria contamination inside a thermos bottle

Professor being mistaken for a grad student

Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor breaks the "no parallel octaves" rule?



Aluminum electrolytic or ceramic capacitors for linear regulator input and output?


Replacing tantalum capacitor with ceramic capacitor for Op AmpsCeramic or electrolytic capacitors for a switching buck regulator?Linear regulator LM1084 5.0V capacitors choicePurpose of a resistor at the input of a linear regulatorDamaging a linear regulator applying a voltage to the outputfrequency response — for linear regulatorHow critical are the input and out capacitor values in a linear voltage regulator?Choosing capacitors for a linear voltage regulatorSelecting the correct input/output capacitors for a 7805What causes a faulty Linear Voltage regulator to output wrong voltageInput and Output Capacitor for PoE + DCDC Controller













1












$begingroup$


I am using this linear voltage regulator. The datasheet indicates the input and output values for the capacitance to use, 1uF and 10uF respectively.



Should these capacitors be or a particular type, or does it not matter?










share|improve this question









$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    This answer is related: electronics.stackexchange.com/a/426181/202270
    $endgroup$
    – Edgar Brown
    58 mins ago















1












$begingroup$


I am using this linear voltage regulator. The datasheet indicates the input and output values for the capacitance to use, 1uF and 10uF respectively.



Should these capacitors be or a particular type, or does it not matter?










share|improve this question









$endgroup$











  • $begingroup$
    This answer is related: electronics.stackexchange.com/a/426181/202270
    $endgroup$
    – Edgar Brown
    58 mins ago













1












1








1





$begingroup$


I am using this linear voltage regulator. The datasheet indicates the input and output values for the capacitance to use, 1uF and 10uF respectively.



Should these capacitors be or a particular type, or does it not matter?










share|improve this question









$endgroup$




I am using this linear voltage regulator. The datasheet indicates the input and output values for the capacitance to use, 1uF and 10uF respectively.



Should these capacitors be or a particular type, or does it not matter?







capacitor linear-regulator






share|improve this question













share|improve this question











share|improve this question




share|improve this question










asked 2 hours ago









A.S.A.S.

436214




436214











  • $begingroup$
    This answer is related: electronics.stackexchange.com/a/426181/202270
    $endgroup$
    – Edgar Brown
    58 mins ago
















  • $begingroup$
    This answer is related: electronics.stackexchange.com/a/426181/202270
    $endgroup$
    – Edgar Brown
    58 mins ago















$begingroup$
This answer is related: electronics.stackexchange.com/a/426181/202270
$endgroup$
– Edgar Brown
58 mins ago




$begingroup$
This answer is related: electronics.stackexchange.com/a/426181/202270
$endgroup$
– Edgar Brown
58 mins ago










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















3












$begingroup$

It doesn't usually matter, but be aware that some linear regulators--the popular LM2940 series, for example--may be unstable if the output capacitor's ESR is too high or too low. As the datasheet for your regulator doesn't seem to say anything about that at a glance, it should be fine with any capacitors you pick, but see the edit below for a warning.



Non-polarized capacitors more than about a microfarad used to be rare and expensive, which is probably why the datasheet shows polarized capacitors being used. Today, you can get 10μF ceramic capacitors for less than $0.30 each.




Edit: As @ThePhoton points out, this regulator may be so old that multi-microfarad ceramic capacitors, with their inherent low ESR, may have been a far-off pipe dream to the engineers writing the datasheet. So this may still be unstable with too low an ESR on its output, so unless you want to test its stability under different operating conditions with the ceramic caps, it may be best to stick to aluminum electrolytics. After all, that's probably what the IC's designers had in mind.






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    The chip might just be so old that when they wrote the datasheet, they didn't consider the possibility that someone would want to use a low-ESR ceramic capacitor for such high values (1 and 10 uF). I'd stick with electrolytic unless I had time to experiment and make sure it stays stable with ceramic over all operating conditions (temperature, input voltage, etc).
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    That's a good point, @ThePhoton. Then again, MLCCs are relatively high ESR as ceramics go, and you can get pretty low ESR electrolytics--I'm not sure how they compare, but you do make a good point and I'll add a note to that effect in the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    33 mins ago


















0












$begingroup$

The datasheet application circuit example schematic shows a 1 microfarad polarized capacitor on the input and a 10 microfarad polarized capacitor on the output. Since the values are in the 1 plus microfarad range and the capacitors are shown as polarized, I would guess that the manufacturer (ST) wants you to use electrolytic caps. I guess you could use a tantalum caps, but unless the datasheet specifies tantalum, that would be a needless expense.



The polarized caps shown on the datasheet circuit lead me to believe that electrolytic caps are what are intended. Very few ceramic caps are over 1 microfarad and very few are polarized.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Actually, ceramic capacitors of up to hundreds of μF are, while not common, certainly readily available. They're not terribly expensive, either. Ceramic capacitor technology has improved dramatically in the past decade or so.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    1 hour ago






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    I agree with Hearth that you're wrong to say 1 uF and up are rare as ceramics. But I'd still advise OP to stick with electrolytics since older regulator designs depend on a reasonably high ESR in the capacitor to maintain stability. If the datasheet doesn't promise the regulator is stable with low-ESR or ceramic output capacitors, it's not wise to assume it will be.
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    59 mins ago










Your Answer





StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function ()
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function ()
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix)
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["\$", "\$"]]);
);
);
, "mathjax-editing");

StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function ()
return StackExchange.using("schematics", function ()
StackExchange.schematics.init();
);
, "cicuitlab");

StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "135"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);

else
createEditor();

);

function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);



);













draft saved

draft discarded


















StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2felectronics.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f427585%2faluminum-electrolytic-or-ceramic-capacitors-for-linear-regulator-input-and-outpu%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown

























2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









3












$begingroup$

It doesn't usually matter, but be aware that some linear regulators--the popular LM2940 series, for example--may be unstable if the output capacitor's ESR is too high or too low. As the datasheet for your regulator doesn't seem to say anything about that at a glance, it should be fine with any capacitors you pick, but see the edit below for a warning.



Non-polarized capacitors more than about a microfarad used to be rare and expensive, which is probably why the datasheet shows polarized capacitors being used. Today, you can get 10μF ceramic capacitors for less than $0.30 each.




Edit: As @ThePhoton points out, this regulator may be so old that multi-microfarad ceramic capacitors, with their inherent low ESR, may have been a far-off pipe dream to the engineers writing the datasheet. So this may still be unstable with too low an ESR on its output, so unless you want to test its stability under different operating conditions with the ceramic caps, it may be best to stick to aluminum electrolytics. After all, that's probably what the IC's designers had in mind.






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    The chip might just be so old that when they wrote the datasheet, they didn't consider the possibility that someone would want to use a low-ESR ceramic capacitor for such high values (1 and 10 uF). I'd stick with electrolytic unless I had time to experiment and make sure it stays stable with ceramic over all operating conditions (temperature, input voltage, etc).
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    That's a good point, @ThePhoton. Then again, MLCCs are relatively high ESR as ceramics go, and you can get pretty low ESR electrolytics--I'm not sure how they compare, but you do make a good point and I'll add a note to that effect in the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    33 mins ago















3












$begingroup$

It doesn't usually matter, but be aware that some linear regulators--the popular LM2940 series, for example--may be unstable if the output capacitor's ESR is too high or too low. As the datasheet for your regulator doesn't seem to say anything about that at a glance, it should be fine with any capacitors you pick, but see the edit below for a warning.



Non-polarized capacitors more than about a microfarad used to be rare and expensive, which is probably why the datasheet shows polarized capacitors being used. Today, you can get 10μF ceramic capacitors for less than $0.30 each.




Edit: As @ThePhoton points out, this regulator may be so old that multi-microfarad ceramic capacitors, with their inherent low ESR, may have been a far-off pipe dream to the engineers writing the datasheet. So this may still be unstable with too low an ESR on its output, so unless you want to test its stability under different operating conditions with the ceramic caps, it may be best to stick to aluminum electrolytics. After all, that's probably what the IC's designers had in mind.






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$








  • 3




    $begingroup$
    The chip might just be so old that when they wrote the datasheet, they didn't consider the possibility that someone would want to use a low-ESR ceramic capacitor for such high values (1 and 10 uF). I'd stick with electrolytic unless I had time to experiment and make sure it stays stable with ceramic over all operating conditions (temperature, input voltage, etc).
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    That's a good point, @ThePhoton. Then again, MLCCs are relatively high ESR as ceramics go, and you can get pretty low ESR electrolytics--I'm not sure how they compare, but you do make a good point and I'll add a note to that effect in the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    33 mins ago













3












3








3





$begingroup$

It doesn't usually matter, but be aware that some linear regulators--the popular LM2940 series, for example--may be unstable if the output capacitor's ESR is too high or too low. As the datasheet for your regulator doesn't seem to say anything about that at a glance, it should be fine with any capacitors you pick, but see the edit below for a warning.



Non-polarized capacitors more than about a microfarad used to be rare and expensive, which is probably why the datasheet shows polarized capacitors being used. Today, you can get 10μF ceramic capacitors for less than $0.30 each.




Edit: As @ThePhoton points out, this regulator may be so old that multi-microfarad ceramic capacitors, with their inherent low ESR, may have been a far-off pipe dream to the engineers writing the datasheet. So this may still be unstable with too low an ESR on its output, so unless you want to test its stability under different operating conditions with the ceramic caps, it may be best to stick to aluminum electrolytics. After all, that's probably what the IC's designers had in mind.






share|improve this answer











$endgroup$



It doesn't usually matter, but be aware that some linear regulators--the popular LM2940 series, for example--may be unstable if the output capacitor's ESR is too high or too low. As the datasheet for your regulator doesn't seem to say anything about that at a glance, it should be fine with any capacitors you pick, but see the edit below for a warning.



Non-polarized capacitors more than about a microfarad used to be rare and expensive, which is probably why the datasheet shows polarized capacitors being used. Today, you can get 10μF ceramic capacitors for less than $0.30 each.




Edit: As @ThePhoton points out, this regulator may be so old that multi-microfarad ceramic capacitors, with their inherent low ESR, may have been a far-off pipe dream to the engineers writing the datasheet. So this may still be unstable with too low an ESR on its output, so unless you want to test its stability under different operating conditions with the ceramic caps, it may be best to stick to aluminum electrolytics. After all, that's probably what the IC's designers had in mind.







share|improve this answer














share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer








edited 25 mins ago

























answered 1 hour ago









HearthHearth

4,5151136




4,5151136







  • 3




    $begingroup$
    The chip might just be so old that when they wrote the datasheet, they didn't consider the possibility that someone would want to use a low-ESR ceramic capacitor for such high values (1 and 10 uF). I'd stick with electrolytic unless I had time to experiment and make sure it stays stable with ceramic over all operating conditions (temperature, input voltage, etc).
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    That's a good point, @ThePhoton. Then again, MLCCs are relatively high ESR as ceramics go, and you can get pretty low ESR electrolytics--I'm not sure how they compare, but you do make a good point and I'll add a note to that effect in the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    33 mins ago












  • 3




    $begingroup$
    The chip might just be so old that when they wrote the datasheet, they didn't consider the possibility that someone would want to use a low-ESR ceramic capacitor for such high values (1 and 10 uF). I'd stick with electrolytic unless I had time to experiment and make sure it stays stable with ceramic over all operating conditions (temperature, input voltage, etc).
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    1 hour ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    That's a good point, @ThePhoton. Then again, MLCCs are relatively high ESR as ceramics go, and you can get pretty low ESR electrolytics--I'm not sure how they compare, but you do make a good point and I'll add a note to that effect in the answer.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    33 mins ago







3




3




$begingroup$
The chip might just be so old that when they wrote the datasheet, they didn't consider the possibility that someone would want to use a low-ESR ceramic capacitor for such high values (1 and 10 uF). I'd stick with electrolytic unless I had time to experiment and make sure it stays stable with ceramic over all operating conditions (temperature, input voltage, etc).
$endgroup$
– The Photon
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
The chip might just be so old that when they wrote the datasheet, they didn't consider the possibility that someone would want to use a low-ESR ceramic capacitor for such high values (1 and 10 uF). I'd stick with electrolytic unless I had time to experiment and make sure it stays stable with ceramic over all operating conditions (temperature, input voltage, etc).
$endgroup$
– The Photon
1 hour ago




1




1




$begingroup$
That's a good point, @ThePhoton. Then again, MLCCs are relatively high ESR as ceramics go, and you can get pretty low ESR electrolytics--I'm not sure how they compare, but you do make a good point and I'll add a note to that effect in the answer.
$endgroup$
– Hearth
33 mins ago




$begingroup$
That's a good point, @ThePhoton. Then again, MLCCs are relatively high ESR as ceramics go, and you can get pretty low ESR electrolytics--I'm not sure how they compare, but you do make a good point and I'll add a note to that effect in the answer.
$endgroup$
– Hearth
33 mins ago













0












$begingroup$

The datasheet application circuit example schematic shows a 1 microfarad polarized capacitor on the input and a 10 microfarad polarized capacitor on the output. Since the values are in the 1 plus microfarad range and the capacitors are shown as polarized, I would guess that the manufacturer (ST) wants you to use electrolytic caps. I guess you could use a tantalum caps, but unless the datasheet specifies tantalum, that would be a needless expense.



The polarized caps shown on the datasheet circuit lead me to believe that electrolytic caps are what are intended. Very few ceramic caps are over 1 microfarad and very few are polarized.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Actually, ceramic capacitors of up to hundreds of μF are, while not common, certainly readily available. They're not terribly expensive, either. Ceramic capacitor technology has improved dramatically in the past decade or so.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    1 hour ago






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    I agree with Hearth that you're wrong to say 1 uF and up are rare as ceramics. But I'd still advise OP to stick with electrolytics since older regulator designs depend on a reasonably high ESR in the capacitor to maintain stability. If the datasheet doesn't promise the regulator is stable with low-ESR or ceramic output capacitors, it's not wise to assume it will be.
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    59 mins ago















0












$begingroup$

The datasheet application circuit example schematic shows a 1 microfarad polarized capacitor on the input and a 10 microfarad polarized capacitor on the output. Since the values are in the 1 plus microfarad range and the capacitors are shown as polarized, I would guess that the manufacturer (ST) wants you to use electrolytic caps. I guess you could use a tantalum caps, but unless the datasheet specifies tantalum, that would be a needless expense.



The polarized caps shown on the datasheet circuit lead me to believe that electrolytic caps are what are intended. Very few ceramic caps are over 1 microfarad and very few are polarized.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Actually, ceramic capacitors of up to hundreds of μF are, while not common, certainly readily available. They're not terribly expensive, either. Ceramic capacitor technology has improved dramatically in the past decade or so.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    1 hour ago






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    I agree with Hearth that you're wrong to say 1 uF and up are rare as ceramics. But I'd still advise OP to stick with electrolytics since older regulator designs depend on a reasonably high ESR in the capacitor to maintain stability. If the datasheet doesn't promise the regulator is stable with low-ESR or ceramic output capacitors, it's not wise to assume it will be.
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    59 mins ago













0












0








0





$begingroup$

The datasheet application circuit example schematic shows a 1 microfarad polarized capacitor on the input and a 10 microfarad polarized capacitor on the output. Since the values are in the 1 plus microfarad range and the capacitors are shown as polarized, I would guess that the manufacturer (ST) wants you to use electrolytic caps. I guess you could use a tantalum caps, but unless the datasheet specifies tantalum, that would be a needless expense.



The polarized caps shown on the datasheet circuit lead me to believe that electrolytic caps are what are intended. Very few ceramic caps are over 1 microfarad and very few are polarized.






share|improve this answer









$endgroup$



The datasheet application circuit example schematic shows a 1 microfarad polarized capacitor on the input and a 10 microfarad polarized capacitor on the output. Since the values are in the 1 plus microfarad range and the capacitors are shown as polarized, I would guess that the manufacturer (ST) wants you to use electrolytic caps. I guess you could use a tantalum caps, but unless the datasheet specifies tantalum, that would be a needless expense.



The polarized caps shown on the datasheet circuit lead me to believe that electrolytic caps are what are intended. Very few ceramic caps are over 1 microfarad and very few are polarized.







share|improve this answer












share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer










answered 1 hour ago









user193589user193589

388




388







  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Actually, ceramic capacitors of up to hundreds of μF are, while not common, certainly readily available. They're not terribly expensive, either. Ceramic capacitor technology has improved dramatically in the past decade or so.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    1 hour ago






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    I agree with Hearth that you're wrong to say 1 uF and up are rare as ceramics. But I'd still advise OP to stick with electrolytics since older regulator designs depend on a reasonably high ESR in the capacitor to maintain stability. If the datasheet doesn't promise the regulator is stable with low-ESR or ceramic output capacitors, it's not wise to assume it will be.
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    59 mins ago












  • 1




    $begingroup$
    Actually, ceramic capacitors of up to hundreds of μF are, while not common, certainly readily available. They're not terribly expensive, either. Ceramic capacitor technology has improved dramatically in the past decade or so.
    $endgroup$
    – Hearth
    1 hour ago






  • 2




    $begingroup$
    I agree with Hearth that you're wrong to say 1 uF and up are rare as ceramics. But I'd still advise OP to stick with electrolytics since older regulator designs depend on a reasonably high ESR in the capacitor to maintain stability. If the datasheet doesn't promise the regulator is stable with low-ESR or ceramic output capacitors, it's not wise to assume it will be.
    $endgroup$
    – The Photon
    59 mins ago







1




1




$begingroup$
Actually, ceramic capacitors of up to hundreds of μF are, while not common, certainly readily available. They're not terribly expensive, either. Ceramic capacitor technology has improved dramatically in the past decade or so.
$endgroup$
– Hearth
1 hour ago




$begingroup$
Actually, ceramic capacitors of up to hundreds of μF are, while not common, certainly readily available. They're not terribly expensive, either. Ceramic capacitor technology has improved dramatically in the past decade or so.
$endgroup$
– Hearth
1 hour ago




2




2




$begingroup$
I agree with Hearth that you're wrong to say 1 uF and up are rare as ceramics. But I'd still advise OP to stick with electrolytics since older regulator designs depend on a reasonably high ESR in the capacitor to maintain stability. If the datasheet doesn't promise the regulator is stable with low-ESR or ceramic output capacitors, it's not wise to assume it will be.
$endgroup$
– The Photon
59 mins ago




$begingroup$
I agree with Hearth that you're wrong to say 1 uF and up are rare as ceramics. But I'd still advise OP to stick with electrolytics since older regulator designs depend on a reasonably high ESR in the capacitor to maintain stability. If the datasheet doesn't promise the regulator is stable with low-ESR or ceramic output capacitors, it's not wise to assume it will be.
$endgroup$
– The Photon
59 mins ago

















draft saved

draft discarded
















































Thanks for contributing an answer to Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange!


  • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

But avoid


  • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

  • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.

Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




draft saved


draft discarded














StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2felectronics.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f427585%2faluminum-electrolytic-or-ceramic-capacitors-for-linear-regulator-input-and-outpu%23new-answer', 'question_page');

);

Post as a guest















Required, but never shown





















































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown

































Required, but never shown














Required, but never shown












Required, but never shown







Required, but never shown







Popular posts from this blog

How should I use the fbox command correctly to avoid producing a Bad Box message?How to put a long piece of text in a box?How to specify height and width of fboxIs there an arrayrulecolor-like command to change the rule color of fbox?What is the command to highlight bad boxes in pdf?Why does fbox sometimes place the box *over* the graphic image?how to put the text in the boxHow to create command for a box where text inside the box can automatically adjust?how can I make an fbox like command with certain color, shape and width of border?how to use fbox in align modeFbox increase the spacing between the box and it content (inner margin)how to change the box height of an equationWhat is the use of the hbox in a newcommand command?

152 Atala Notae | Nexus externi | Tabula navigationis"Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets"2000152Small-Body Database

Doxepinum Nexus interni Notae | Tabula navigationis3158DB01142WHOa682390"Structural Analysis of the Histamine H1 Receptor""Transdermal and Topical Drug Administration in the Treatment of Pain""Antidepressants as antipruritic agents: A review"