Linguistica diachronica Notae | Bibliographia | Tabula navigationis

Linguistica historica


linguisticae historicaephonologicasmorphologicassyntacticasstructuralismumstatus linguaeFerdinandus de Saussurelinguaemethodologicamsynchronaelinguae statumphonematibusmathematicaesigno maioritatisrhotacismusNeogrammatici




Linguistica diachrona[1] est linguisticae historicae pars,[2] quae ad internas linguae systematis mutationes describendas et explanandas pertinet. Cum systema linguae nullo alio modo nisi grammatica describenda concipi possit, expedit etiam de grammatica historica loqui. Itaque solas mutationes grammaticas (i.e. phonologicas, morphologicas, syntacticas) persequitur, exclusis rebus quae ab usu externisque condicionibus linguae proficiscuntur. Itaque linguistica diachrona, quae ad structuralismum linguisticum pertinet, hoc inquirit, quomodo pro systemate linguae tamquam in axe temporali positae per mutationem aliquam alius status linguae substitutus sit.


Ferdinandus de Saussure est qui primus docuit naturam linguae duplici ratione examinari et cognosci debere. Ideo enim methodologicam synchronae et diachronae linguisticae differentiam excogitavit. Linguistica synchrona linguae statum (état de langue), quali elementorum compage et structura certo temporis puncto consistat, inspicit. Constat linguam (langue) solo "differentiarum lusu" consistere, id est, linguam esse systema ex elementis distinctivis, sicut ex phonematibus, compositum. Sunt etiam qui putent Ferdinandum de Saussure in hac opinione fuisse, ut lingua esset systema opertum in se inclusum, in quo omnia inter se cohaereant (où tout se tient). Sed Saussure nusquam ita dixisse videtur. Lingua enim, si strictis finibus operta esset, res mathematicae similis esset. Constat quidem linguam esse systema apertum, quod loquentium opera in sermone (parole) mutari possit. Langue et parole se invicem adficiunt sive "interagunt".


In linguistica diachrona de alienorum linguae statuum differentiis systematicis, quae "correspondentiae diachronae" appellantur, agitur. Linguae statibus vel systematibus deinceps sequentibus in axe temporali positis, systematicae comparandorum linguae statuum differentiae investigantur. Correspondentiae diachronae his inlustrantur exemplis:



Lat.arch. Lases > Lat.clas. Lares

Lat.arch. meliosem > Lat.clas. meliorem

Lat.arch. *genesa > Lat.clas. genera

et



PIE *seḱs > Gr. ἕξ /heks/ ('sex')

PIE *septm̥ > Gr. ἑπτά /heptá/ ('septem')

PIE *ser-p- > Gr. ἕρπω /herpō/ ('serpo')

et



Lat. carum > Fr. cher /ʃεr/

Lat. carrum > Fr. char /ʃar/

Lat. caballum > Fr. cheval /ʃə'val/

Diversi linguae status differentiis systematicis in eundem locum incidentibus distinguuntur: exempli causa, intervocalibus /s/ (Lases) et /r/ (Lares) phonematibus alieni definiuntur linguae status, quorum quisque suo nomine distinguitur, sicut "Latina archaica" et "Latina classica". Cum /s/ in Lases antiquioris vel maioris (natu) systematis linguae pars sit, consentaneum est /s/ et /r/ phonemata " > " signo maioritatis conectere. Itaque rhotacismus Latinus hac formula diachrona


s > r / V _ V

concipi potest, quae correspondentiam diachronam exprimit. Neogrammatici formulam huiusmodi "legem sonorum" (Lautgesetz) appellaverunt, quamquam nihil obligatorii habet; potius definitionem generalem ante oculos ponit.



Notae |



  1. ↑ Adiectivum ex verbis Graecis διά 'per' et χρόνος 'tempus' compositum.


  2. ↑ Interdum etiam putatur eadem res esse ac linguistica historica, sed omnibus rebus consideratis non recte. Janda & Joseph (2003).



Bibliographia |


  • Janda, Richard D. & Joseph, Brian D. (2003) On Language, Change, and Language Change — Or, Of History, Linguistics, and Historical Linguistics. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics (ed. Brian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda), 3-180. Blackwell.

  • de Saussure, Ferdinand (1921/1968). Cours de linguistique générale publié par Charles Bally & Albert Sechehaye. Paris: Payot.


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